Essaystaggeddatabases

Systems

Dirty Reads, Explained

A dirty read returns an uncommitted value from another transaction. If that transaction rolls back, the reader observed a value that was never part of committed database state.

Aug 8, 2026·5 min read
Systems

Non-Repeatable Reads, Explained

A transaction reads the same row twice and gets two different committed values. The isolation level determines whether both reads use the same database state.

Aug 8, 2026·5 min read
Systems

Phantom Reads, Explained

A transaction repeats a search and finds an additional matching row. The existing rows did not change, but another transaction committed a new row that satisfies the same query.

Aug 8, 2026·9 min read